Secondary Sources

This article discusses the four excavations (one in the area of The Forks) conducted as a result of the survey over two seasons in 1968-1969. The sites, as well as excavation methods and recovered artifacts (from both Pre- and Postcontact Periods) are described. Each excavation is summarized, and recommendations on future research are presented. Maps and photographs of the artifacts are included.

The topic of this paper is how the flooding of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers has long and short term effects on topography, flora and fauna. The floods of 1826,1852, 1861 and 1882 are discussed, along with the Northwest Company’s Fort Gibraltar I and the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Experimental Farm. There are photographs and drawings of stratigraphy.

Contributions by 10 authors detail the 1992-3 public archaeology investigations of the 2300-2200-year-old and 3000-year-old occupation horizons, plus a discussion of the Fur Trade Period (1737-1821) and Hudson’s Bay Flour Mill complex (1874-1907). A brief historical background covers the First Inhabitants (8000 BC-AD 1737) including Archaic (3000 BC-AD 1) and Woodland (AD 1-1737); Contact (1737-1821) including Fort Gibraltar I (1810-1816); Transition (1821-1870); Industrialization and Immigration (1870-1888); and Railway (1888-1988). Analysis covers operations; stratigraphy and features; dendrochronological dating of oak pilings; lithic artifacts; charcoal and seeds; fauna; fish remains; shellfish and snail recoveries.